How Can I Document My Genealogical Research

Youve been researching your family for a while and have managed to correctly assemble many pieces of the puzzle. Youve entered the names and dates found in census records, land records, military records, etc. But can you tell me exactly where you found great, great-grandmas birth date? Was it on her tombstone? In a book at the library? In the 1860 census on Ancestry.com? When researching your family it is very important that you keep track of every piece of information. This is important both as a means of verifying or proving your data and also as a way for you or other researchers to go back to that source when future research leads to information which conflicts with your original assumption. In genealogy research, any statement of fact, whether it is a birth date or an ancestors surname, must carry its own individual source. Source Citations in Genealogy Serve to... Record the location of each piece of data. Did the birth date you have for your great-grandmother come from a published family history, a tombstone or a birth certificate? And where was that source found?Provide context that might affect the evaluation and use of each piece of data. This includes evaluating both the document itself, and the information and evidence that you draw from it, for quality and potential bias. This is the third step of the Genealogical Proof Standard.Allow you to easily revisit old evidence. There are many reasons you might want to backtrack during your research, including the discovery of new information, the realization you may have overlooked something, or the need to resolve conflicting evidence, the fourth step of the Genealogical Proof Standard.Assist others in understanding and evaluating your research. If you were lucky enough to find a complete family tree for your grandfather on the Internet, wouldnt you want to know where the information came from ? In conjunction with research logs, proper source documentation also makes it much easier to pick up where you left off with your genealogy research after time spent focusing on other things. I know youve been in that wonderful spot before! Types of Genealogy Sources When evaluating and documenting the sources used to establish your family tree connections, it is important to understand the different types of sources. Original vs. Derivative Sources: Referring to the provenance of the record, original sources are records that contribute written, oral, or visual information not derived — copied, abstracted, transcribed, or summarized — from another written or oral record. Derivative sources are, by their definition, records which have been derived - copied, abstracted, transcribed, or summarized - from previously existing sources. Original sources usually, but not always, carry more weight than derivative sources. Within each source, whether original or derivative, there are also two different types of information: Primary vs. Secondary Information: Referring to the quality of the information contained within a particular record, primary information comes from records created at or near the time of an event with information contributed by a person who had reasonably close knowledge of the event. Secondary information, by contrast, is information found in records created a significant amount of time after an event occurred or contributed by a person who was not present at the event. Primary information usually, but not always, carries more weight than secondary information. Two Rules for Great Source Citations Rule One: Follow the Formula - While there is no scientific formula for citing every type of source, a good rule of thumb is to work from general to specific: Author - the one who authored the book, provided the interview, or wrote the letterTitle - if it is an article, then the title of the article, followed by the title of the periodicalPublication DetailsPlace of publication, name of publisher and date of publication, written in parentheses (Place: Publisher, Date)Volume, issue and page numbers for periodicalsSeries and roll or item number for microfilmWhere You Found It - repository name and location, Web site name and URL, cemetery name and location, etc.Specific Details - page number, entry number and date, date you viewed a Web site, etc. Rule Two: Cite What You See - Whenever in your genealogical research you use a derivative source instead of the original version, you must take care to cite the index, database or book that you used, and NOT the actual source from which the derivative source was created. This is because derivative sources are several steps removed from the original, opening up the door for errors, including: Handwriting interpretation errorsMicrofilm viewing errors (out of focus, back side bleeding through, etc.)Transcription errors (skipping lines, transposing numbers, etc.)Typing errors, etc.Purposeful changes Even if a fellow researcher tells you that they found such and such a date in a marriage record, you should cite the researcher as the source of information (noting as well where they found the information). You can only accurately cite the marriage record if you have viewed it for yourself. Article (Journal or Periodical) Citations for periodicals should include the month/year or season, rather than issue number where possible. Willis H. White, Using Uncommon Sources to Illuminate Family History: a Long Island Tuthill Example. National Genealogical Society Quarterly 91 (March 2003), 15-18. Bible Record Citations for information found in a family bible should always include the information on publication and its provenance (names and dates for people who have owned the bible) 1. Family data, Dempsey Owens Family Bible, The Holy Bible (American Bible Society, New York 1853); original owned in 2001 by William L. Owens (put mailing address here). The Dempsey Owens Family Bible passed from Dempsey to his son James Turner Owens, to his son Dempsey Raymond Owens, to his son William L. Owens. Birth Death Certificates When citing a birth or death record, record 1) type of record and name(s) of the individual(s), 2) the file or certificate number (or book and page) and 3) name and location of the office in which it is filed (or the repository in which the copy was found - e.g. archives). 1. Certified transcription of birth certificate for Ernest Rene Ollivon, Act no. 7145 (1989), Maison Maire, Crespià ¨res, Yvelines, France. 2. Henrietta Crisp, birth certificate [long form] no. 124-83-001153 (1983), North Carolina Division of Health Services - Vital Records Branch, Raleigh. 3. Elmer Koth entry, Gladwin County Deaths, Liber 2: 312, no 96; County Clerks Office, Gladwin, Michigan. From an online index:4. Ohio Death Certificate Index 1913-1937, The Ohio Historical Society, online http://www.ohiohistory.org/dindex/search.cfm, Death certificate entry for Eveline Powell downloaded 12 March 2001. From a FHL microfilm:5. Yvonne Lemarie entry, Crespià ¨res naissances, mariages, dà ©ecs 1893-1899, microfilm no. 2067622 Item 6, frame 58, Family History Library [FHL], Salt Lake City, Utah. Book Published sources, including books, should list author (or compiler or editor) first, followed by the title, publisher, publication place and date, and page numbers. List multiple authors in the same order as shown on the title page unless there are more than three authors, in which case, include only the first author followed by et al. Citations for one volume of a multivolume work should include the number of the volume used. Margaret M. Hoffman, compiler, The Granville District of North Carolina, 1748-1763, 5 volumes (Weldon, North Carolina: Roanoke News Company, 1986), 1:25, no.238.*The number in this example, indicates a specific numbered entry on the page. Census Record While it is tempting to abbreviate many items in a census citation, especially state name and county designations, it is best to spell out all words in the first citation to a particular census. Abbreviations which seem standard to you (e.g. Co. for county), may not be recognized by all researchers. 1920 U.S. census, population schedule, Brookline, Norfolk County, Massachusetts, Enumeration District [ED] 174, sheet 8, dwelling 110, family 172, Frederick A. Kerry household; National Archives microfilm publication T625, roll 721; digital image, Ancestry.com, http://www.ancestry.com (accessed 28 July 2004). Family Group Sheet When you use data which has been received from others, you should always document the data as you receive it and not use the original sources cited by the other researcher. You havent personally checked these resources, therefore they are not your source. 1. Jane Doe, William M. Crisp - Lucy Cherry family group sheet, supplied 2 February 2001 by Doe (put mailing address here). Interview Be sure to document who you interviewed and when, as well as who is in possession of the interview records (transcripts, tape recordings, etc.) 1. Interview with Charles Bishop Koth (interviewees address here), by Kimberly Thomas Powell, 7 August 1999. Transcript held in 2001 by Powell (put mailing address here). [You can include an annotation or personal comment here.] Letter It is much more accurate to quote a specific letter as a source, rather than just citing the individual who wrote the letter as your source. 1. Letter from Patrick Owens (put mailing address here) to Kimberly Thomas Powell, 9 January 1998; held in 2001 by Powell (put mailing address here). [You can include an annotation or personal comment here.] Marriage License or Certificate Marriage records follow the same general format as birth and death records. 1. Marriage license and certificate for Dempsey Owens and Lydia Ann Everett, Edgecombe County Marriage Book 2:36, County Clerks Office, Tarboro, North Carolina.2. George Frederick Powell and Rosina Jane Powell, Bristol Marriage Register 1:157, Bristol Register Office, Bristol, Glouchestershire, England. Newspaper Clipping   Be sure to include the name of the newspaper, the place and date of publication, the page and column number. 1. Henry Charles Koth - Mary Elizabeth Ihly marriage announcement, Southern Baptist newspaper, Charleston, South Carolina, 16 June, 1860, page 8, column 1. Website This general citation format applies to information received from Internet databases as well as online transcriptions and indexes (i.e. if you find a  cemetery transcription  on the Internet, you would enter it as a Web site source. You would not include the cemetery as your source unless you had visited personally). 1. Wuerttemberg Emigration Index, Ancestry.com, online http://www.ancestry.com/search/rectype/inddbs/3141a.htm, Koth data downloaded 12 January 2000.

Code Of Ethics And Ethics - 1073 Words

Fongos Computer Solution (FCS) Code of Ethics A code of ethics is a business document outlining professional standards expected of all company employees and representatives. Although it may address internal conduct, it primarily centers on what is expected of workers when engaged in customer-centric activities. It creates standards by which business representatives are held accountable. In the business arena, it is significant to implement standards and procedures that management and workers are expected to follow. These standards and procedures are referred to as a business code of ethics and conduct. The business code of ethics and conduct for exact professions, such as IT fields. Internal Focus A code of ethics addresses some†¦show more content†¦Trust A code of ethics helps myself to take the code of ethics seriously and gain the trust of employees. Any business owner know that people will be protected in any situation. As long as everyone works and behaves in an ethical manner, production can run more smoothly, whether that be production of a tangible product or production of the services and ideals of an altruistic non-profit. Responsibility Responsibility is one of the main code of ethics for myself. When individuals take responsibility for their actions, all people benefits. Responsibility is accountability, honesty, and holding myself accountable promotes these good attitude traits in others who see them. This supports to create a cohesive and productive work force, which has numerous of its own benefits, not the least of which is longer employee retention. It is significant to continue to work for a company that follows and promotes rules that defend and benefit everyone equally. Acceptable Use Policies (AUPs) A company policy consists of rules and guidelines for employees to follow. There might be several policies, such as acceptable use policies (AUPs) for computer use and information security, corporate governance policies and customer support policies. Without effective enforcement, a company could be vulnerable to security breaches, loss of customers and possibly legal action. The human resourcesShow MoreRelatedCode Of Ethics : Code Ethics1334 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: CODE OF ETHICS 1 CODE OF ETHICS 5 Code of Ethics Hieu Le Columbia Southern University Code of ethics is the most essential aspect of the society that organizations and individuals need to fulfill and apply this aspect in their workplaces and families in order to achieveRead MoreCode Of Ethics And Ethics912 Words   |  4 Pagesessential for the organization to have a strong code of ethics to ensure all employees understand the ethical expectations of the organization. The code acts as a guide for employees to ensure they apply ethical decision making in the workplace. 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Such procedures exist in general unconnected on or after lawful or organizational processes and shielded on or after the lawful assessment or proceduresRead MoreCode Of Ethics And Ethics Essay1704 Words   |  7 PagesCode of Ethics Implementation A Code of Ethics is regarded as the written guideline to the moral constitution of an organization ( ). The Code of Ethics (Appendix A) outlines the rights, duties, responsibilities, and a benchmark for the organization and its evaluation (Mihai Alina, 2013). It contains behavioral principles and rules of conduct that aids in the decision-making processes and balances the stakeholders expectations and interests against corporate responsibilityRead MoreThe Ethics Of A Code Of Ethics1648 Words   |  7 Pagesmajor stakeholders can be proud of, codes of ethics are created as a set of guidelines for every involved stakeholder to follow and adhere to. In his conclusion (Lambert, 2009) states that the development and subsequent implementation of a code of ethics is a critical part of establishing a value system within the commercial crime prevention discipline. He further goes on to say that, as a value system, the success of this endeavor lies not in whether the code makes staff behave, but rather moreRead MoreCode Of Ethics And Ethics Essay727 Words   |  3 PagesCode of Ethics A code of ethics/conduct is an important part of an organization. It clarifies the organization s mission, values and principles, linking them with standards of professional conduct. According to CSUGlobal.edu (n.d.), ethics is the study of good and bad behavior and a person is acting ethically, they are doing what is right. Additionally, ethics require that a person conforms to a higher standard of behavior than the law requires. 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This code is important for our employees, customers, shareholders and partners. This code explains and summarizes our stander that protects the company s reputability and its business from any risk. Moreover, it shows how we deal with our partners. We believe that our success depends on the actions of our members and partners. Because of that, we are committed to make sure that everyone in our company is compliance with this Code and other law. †¢ Binding scope. This Code of Ethics is written

The Drug Problem and the Current Justice System Essay

The Drug Problem and the Current Justice System The United States Correctional System is often challenged as to whether it wants to rehabilitate drug offenders or punish them, and because of this it mostly does neither. Even though drug abuse and drug trafficking are widely spread national issues, the mental, social, and economic costs of healing through incarceration are only making the disease worse. Never before have more prisoners been locked up on drug offenses than today. Mixed with the extremely high risks of todays prison environment, the concept of incarceration as punishment for drug offenders cannot be successful. Without the correct form of rehabilitation through treatment within Michigans Correctional System, drug†¦show more content†¦According to the Department of Justice, studies of recidivism say that the amount of time inmates serve in prison does not increase or decrease the likelihood of recidivism, whether recidivism is measured as parole revocation, re-arrest, reconviction, or return to prison(Unite d States National Institute of Justice 21). How much does this apply to drug abuse? A comprehensive study of addiction by John Keene was conducted with three groups of convicts being surveyed, each group at different phases of incarceration. The first group of 134 prisoners was questioned as to whether they were using drugs before they were incarcerated. Almost 74% admitted to using some type of drug before they were imprisoned. In the second group of 119 inmates, 75% were using drugs while incarcerated. This specifically proves that it is very common for an inmate to use drugs while in prison. This also portrays an administration that cannot trust its own employees because, somehow, drugs find a way into the hands of inmates who never left the grounds of the prison. If that isnt disturbing enough, in the third group of 119 convicts more than 82% disclosed using drugs in their communities after release (Keene). How can a non violent drug abuser serving his time in prison attempt to rehabilitate himself and become less of a threat to the community when there is such a largeShow MoreRelatedAbolishing Mandatory Minimum Sentencing On The United States1690 Words   |  7 PagesSUMMARY The concept of mandatory minimum sentencing has been plaguing the justice system of the United States of America for too many years and therefore must be abolished. 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Now, most are criticizing and demonizing those same parts of our justice system for being racially biased as the crime rate drops. 2) In his article â€Å"Body Count†, KelefaRead MoreMass Incarceration And Drug Criminalization892 Words   |  4 PagesIn recent decades, low-income Americans have been facing the consequences of living in a country whose criminal justice system is greatly influenced by skewed prosecution dynamics, and whose structural discrepancies continue to encourage the mass incarceration phenomenon that affects millions of individuals today. At rates higher than Russia and China, the U.S is incarcerating an entire portion of its population based on irrelevant criteria such as affluence and race. The harsh reality that bothRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Has Served As A Focal Point Of Much Of Societal Racism993 Words   |  4 Pageswhite† (Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)). These studies propose that while criminal behavior cuts across race and class lines, the common response to these behaviors may significantly influence the course of a potential criminal career. Decisions concerning the most effective balance of responses by law enforcement, social services, and community intervention are critical in determining many of these outcomes. Bias within the criminal justice Historically, the criminal justice system has served as

The Foundational Concept Of The Renaissance - 1240 Words

The foundational concept of the Renaissance was humanism during the fourteenth and fifteenth century. Humanism started in the capital city of Florentine (Florence), which is in the Italian region of Tuscany. Studia humanitatis (studies of humanity), is a latin term coined during the Renaissance period and was used by Cicero and other Roman writers. Studia humanitatis consisted of five subjects: (i.) grammar, (ii.) rhetoric, (iii.) history, (iv.) poetry, (v.) moral philosophy. Francesco Petrarca, also known as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar and poet who lived in Florence. He was the one who restored Cicero’s idea of humanism. Petrarch’s works were spread widely throughout Italy in cities like Florence, Milan, Padua, and Naples. From Petrarch’s works being spread all across Italy, humanist learning started to form political ideologies. Thus, Petrarch was known as the Father of Humanism. The works of Petrarch influenced the rise of â€Å"Civic Humanists†. C ivic humanism developed in Florence circa 1390-1450. Hans Baron, who was a scholar of the late medieval and modern Italian history, studied the Italian Renaissance and more specifically the question of civic humanism. Around 1928 he introduced the term civic humanism. Civic humanism emerged in the era of the Renaissance and was influenced by the governmental forms and texts of Cicero and other Roman writers. Civic humanism was constructed around the ideas of civic virtue, civic society, and mixed government. Bruno states thatShow MoreRelatedThe Renaissance As An Age Of Gold1864 Words   |  8 PagesThe renaissance was period of rebirth in Europe in the 14th to 17th century that began to change the views of philosophy, politics, and arts. This was a significant change that was spread throughout Europe and shaped everyone’s views. 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Poverty in the Philippines - 2420 Words

4/25/2013 4/25/2013 An Essay about An Essay about Franzgel Gamit student Franzgel Gamit student Poverty in the Philippines UN Millennium Development Goal Poverty in the Philippines UN Millennium Development Goal MDG 1 Report: Poverty in the Philippines INTRODUCTION Poverty reduction has been a major problem for all developing countries. As Kofi Annan stated â€Å"The biggest enemy of health in the developing world is poverty† (Kofi Annan, cited in WHO, 2013). Poverty is experienced all over the world but its effect is most significantly seen in developing countries like Philippines, one of the nations with a high rate of poverty according to World Health Organisation. Addressing this problem poses an extensive standing struggle to the†¦show more content†¦The impact of these nations and states in the country gave the Philippines a very small room to be unique in its traditional culture. 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Despite the said efforts of both government and business firms many Filipinos remain in need. It is not a simple problem because now days we are facing mass poverty. For all the magnificent testimonies to man’s superior skill and intellect in producing today’s level of cultural development, he still has to find the solution to mass poverty. Whether theRead MoreMigration, Remittances, Inequality and Poverty the Philippines10368 Words   |  42 PagesAbstract Migration, Remittances, Poverty and Inequality The Philippines By Ernesto M. Pernia The paper looks into the effects of international migration and remittances on household incomes and well-being, poverty reduction, human capital investment, saving, and regional development in the home country. Remittances appear to raise average incomes for all income groups but more so for the richer households than for the poorer ones, a finding that is consistent with that in several Latin AmericanRead MoreWhat Are the Causes of Poverty in Philippine Economy?4887 Words   |  20 Pagesthe causes of poverty in Philippine economy? I.INTRODUCTION : One of the major problems that continue to plaque the Philippines is poverty. Despite the said efforts of both government and business firms many Filipinos remain in need. It is not a simple problem because now days we are facing mass poverty. For all the magnificent testimonies to man’s superior skill and intellect in producing today’s level of cultural development, he still has to find the solution to mass poverty. Whether the governmentRead MorePhilippines Anti-Poverty Program Through Peoples Participation9101 Words   |  37 PagesPHILIPPINES ANTI-POVERTY PROGRAM THROUGH PARTICIPATORY PLANNING Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School University of St. La Salle Bacolod City In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements In: Rural Development Management Professor: Dr. Enrique Paderes, PhD. Greg C. Villanueva 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. Title Page †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... Table of Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 List of Figures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 Read MorePhilippines Anti-Poverty Program Through Peoples Participation9113 Words   |  37 PagesPHILIPPINES ANTI-POVERTY PROGRAM THROUGH PARTICIPATORY PLANNING Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School University of St. La Salle Bacolod City In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements In: Rural Development Management Professor: Dr. Enrique Paderes, PhD. Greg C. Villanueva 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. Title Page †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... Table of Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 List of Figures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 PART I A. BACKGROUNDRead MorePoverty Affects Quality Of Life, Well Being, And Health1255 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty negatively impacts quality of life, well-being, and health. In 2015, it was estimated that 21.6% of the Philippine population was in poverty (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2016). 8.1% were facing extreme poverty and were below the minimum income required to meet basic food needs (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2016). Most of the poor in the Philippines live in rural areas and work in the agriculture sector, mainly farming and fishing (Dy-Liacco, 2014). The poorest families often haveRead MorePhilippines: One Step Forward, Two Steps Back740 Words   |  3 Pages Philippines: one step forward, two steps back Even though today’s world seems to advance their still seems to be one very serious and large issue, poverty and hunger. This issue is seen in lots of nations across the world, but it’s seen more in third world countries in East Asia, Africa, and South America. After many natural disasters and multiple changes in the form of government the country of the Philippines seems to have a high number of people living in poverty and starvation. Due to theRead MoreMalnutrition in the Philippines Essay1099 Words   |  5 PagesFor years, the people of the Philippines have been in grave danger of a horrible condition. They are suffering from malnutrition, an unhealthy imbalance in an individual’s diet which may result from a lack of certain nutrients being consumed or starvation (Board). Malnutrition has been an issue there for many years as a result of the country’s overwhelming poverty rates (about 27.9 percent of the populace) depriving its people of food, and ra ging typhoons (such as Super Storm Haiyan) have only exasperated

Mass Media free essay sample

The mass media comes in many different forms, including radio, books, television, internet, and newspapers. It fulfils several functions within society, such as education, socialisation and entertainment. It also provides jobs, and is a source of information for worldwide news. Socialisation is the process of learning society’s norms, rules and values. The media is one of the main agents of socialisation for all age groups within society, and can come in the form of advertising, reality TV and entertainment programmes. Sociologists tend to agree that the media influences its’ audience, although it has been debated on how this is. There is the hypodermic syringe theory, where the media is seen to have an immediate and dramatic effect on behaviour, through the needle analogy. The type of media is the syringe, whether it’s radio, TV etc. , and the content is what is injected into the mind. In 1938, the H. G. Wells book ‘War of the Worlds’ was adapted as a radio broadcast, about an alien invasion in New Jersey. The programme was so believable that it caused widespread panic throughout America and Canada, because listeners thought that the broadcast was genuine. However, nowadays audiences are thought to be more media literate, and this model only focuses on the short-term effects of the media, ignoring long-term effects. The Two-Step Flow (Katz and Lazarsfeld, 1955) claims that most people shape their opinions under the influence of opinion leaders, who in turn are influenced by the mass media. So according to this model, ideas flow from mass media to opinion leaders, and from them to a wider population. However, this implies that people are strongly conditioned by opinion leaders and have little free will, which is not always the case. There is also the Cultural Effects Theory. This argues that the media has a ‘drip-drip’ effect on audiences, over a longer period of time compared to the hypodermic syringe theory. People are often not conscious that they are accepting the media’s views, for example, it is now the norm for young women to idealise the figure of models such as Kate Moss, even though most images of her in magazines have been photo-shopped and altered, therefore portraying an unrealistic body image. This has been criticised for sensationalising an unhealthy body size, and images in the media have led young girls and women to suffer from disorders such as anorexia and bulimia. There have been many changes in the media since its’ creation. The education system means that there is now mass literacy in the UK, so more people are now able to access the information in newspapers and books. Also, televisions have become more affordable so now the majority of households in the UK own at least one. In the past, religion was seen as a major influence within society, but now the media has taken over and religion is much less prominent. Other important forms of socialisation are also being replaced by the media such as play, and interaction with peers and adults. Also, the media used to be owned by numerous families, whereas it is now owned by a very small number of people through large mergers. For example, Rupert Murdoch owns News International Corporation, which in turn owns over a third of UK newspapers, including The Sun, The Sunday Times and The Times. Rupert Murdoch also owns Sky, along with owning a number of media outlets in America, including The Wall Street Journal. Any party which was supported by newspapers owned by Murdoch has won every general election since 1979, suggesting that media ownership also means having a political influence. Sociologists have also had to take into account the effect of the internet on British and global culture, which is a fairly recent phenomenon. There are three main perspectives when analysing the mass media. These are Pluralism, Marxism and Feminism. The Pluralism perspective states that within society, there is no dominant group, and instead there are a variety of groups who have equal power. This theory has been likened to a Functionalist view. It argues that the mass media simply reflects the views of the audience, and if this results in bias, it’s because that is what the public’s view is. For example, Pluralists state that the government is neutral in its’ interests, and bases any decisions on which group has the strongest argument. According to the law, the BBC must be impartial and unbiased, but newspapers do not need to be. Nicholas Jones (1986) states that although the BBC may seem biased on some issues, this is down to which group presents their views more coherent way, and therefore gains more support. Katz and Lazarsfeld (1955) claim that the media has limited influence on society, and that there are five variables which affect the way in which audiences respond. These are: The amount of exposure that a certain issue gets The type of medium which is used. For example, footage on television of starving children has a more profound effect on audiences compared to a newspaper story. The nature of the content, how it is presented, and the language which is used The beliefs and attitudes of the audience How opinion leaders react to an issue or story, as they are said to influence the public’s opinion. Pluralists argue that the mass media provides a diverse and varied choice for the public, and that one dominant ideology does not exist, but rather a real choice of different opinions. It is because of this variation that the mass media has almost no influence on the audience, and that it reflects their views. The Pluralism perspective of the mass media is strong in recognising that there is a huge range and variation of opinions. It recognises that the audience is able to make up their own minds, regardless of what the media portrays, and also the power they have in controlling the media content. However, Pluralists are criticised for ignoring the concentration of ownership within the media, which can be a major factor in what messages and stories are published. They are also criticised for ignoring clear evidence of bias, especially political bias. For example, the fact that any political party supported by Rupert Murdoch’s newspapers has won the general election since 1979, even when the newspapers switched allegiance from Conservative to Labour in 1997. The Marxist perspective of the mass media emphasises the ability of the media to influence and control people. Marxists claim that the bourgeoisie maintains control and power over the proletariat through the outlet of the media. They argue that the mass media portrays capitalism positively, which therefore promotes a false consciousness, and prevents the proletariat from becoming class conscious. Noam Chomsky, in Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (1988) claims that the mass media is a powerful ideological institution which supports the system of capitalism through internalised assumptions and self-censorship, without obvious force. Marxists state that there is a severe lack of diversity in the media, possibly because it is owned and controlled by so few corporations. For example, the Walt Disney Company owns the most mass media companies in America, and is the biggest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Marxists also emphasise the power of advertisers. Every media outlet has to have advertisements in order to support the cost of production, and in turn advertisers want to put across a capitalist message so that the audience wants to spend money on their products or services. Because the heads of corporations often manipulate front page stories in newspapers to avoid a conflict of interest, it is stated that the mass media is used by the ruling class as a filter through which information is passed to the general population. This information emphasises the acceptance of capitalist views, resists change, and as a result, works against the interests of the working class. Any other views are made out to be extremist and irrational. Ralph Miliband (1973) claims that the media is the opium of the people, when it had previously been claimed by Karl Marx that religion was the opium of the people. Miliband stated that because there was so much bias and misleading information within the media, that it led the public to accept major inequalities in society. Mass entertainment programmes exist in order to ‘keep the audience quiet’, and distract them from important economic issues. Marxism is good at analysing the media from a conflict perspective, and explaining that the mass media is another source of inequality within society, and supports a capitalist culture. It has uncovered the fact that the mass media tends to be a monopoly, in that very few people own a lot of companies. Marxism has also highlighted how advertisers have power over the media and its’ content, by threatening to pull their support if they don’t like the message that’s being put across. On the other hand, the Marxist perspective of the mass media underestimates the ability of the audience to take in information from the media and come to their own decisions about particular issues. Marxism has also been criticised for concentrating on ownership of the media through monopolists, however the most popular form of media is television which is largely controlled by governments, not capitalists. It has been pointed out that owners of the mass media are more concerned about making profit rather than promoting ideas, so they cannot ignore the demands of the audience. Within the Feminist explanation of the mass media, there are three different perspectives. These are Liberal, Radical and Marxist Feminism. Liberal Feminists state that sex role socialisation for males and females is achieved through magazines, TV, films, and other media outlets. The only way of changing the stereotypes which the media portrays is to challenge stereotypes in all areas of society. They state that if there is a wide social change, it will take a while for the media to catch up. Radical Feminists argue that the male domination of the media means that it portrays images of women which it’s thought that men desire. Croteau and Hoynes (2000) found that in the mid-90s in America, only 6% of top management positions were held by women. Women wrote 19% of front page stories, and presented 20% of news reports on television. Radical Feminists argue that there is a patriarchal ideology within society, which is supported by the media, through portraying exaggerated stereotypes about men and women. Even though it’s women who run women’s magazines, they have internalised the patriarchal ideology, and have learned to preserve sexist ideas, and pass them on to their readers. Marxist Feminism states that capitalism as well as patriarchy is to blame for the exploitation of women which is portrayed in the media. They claim that women’s bodies are used in order to sell products and support the capitalist system. Advertisements also often fragment women’s body parts, so that they don’t show the whole person. This further promotes the exploitation of women as they are seen as ‘objects’ within the media, rather than human beings. Even though Feminists have different perspectives on the mass media, they do all tend to agree on certain points. They agree that women tend to be seen in domestic settings in the media, especially in the 1930s-1950s, where they were expected to take care of household chores, cooking and cleaning, and to look after the children full time. Women’s bodies tend to be highly sexualised in the media, and it has been normalised for women to be seen as objects of desire for men, rather than people. Women often aren’t the main character in a soap opera, or the main presenter of a TV programme. They are there to support the male lead, and to provide light entertainment rather than having any real impact. Female news reporters usually cover soft stories such as entertainment, travel and education, whereas male reporters tend to cover the harder stories which cover issues such as politics, crime and the economy. Female newsreaders also had to give up their job after turning 35 until fairly recently, as they were seen as being in their prime before that age. On the other hand, male newsreaders could stay on for as long as they wanted. Women in the media also tend to be judged solely on their appearance. For example, Ann Widdecombe receives a lot of negative press for being ‘fat’ or ‘not wearing enough makeup’ whereas males such as Alex Salmond would never be criticised in the media for his appearance, because it has nothing to do with the job he does. Women in general are often judged by their appearance rather than their personality, which is also rarely the case for men. There is an unrealistic standard in the media of women. It dictates that women should have flawless skin, and should be size zero, when in fact, this is borderline anorexic for most women. An average sized woman (14-16 in the UK) very rarely makes it into the media. This leads to the point that images of women in the media are marginalised. Often, women in the media are white, slim, heterosexual and young. Other groups do not make it into the media as much, such as black women, homosexual women, and older women. Feminist theories address the issue of the false portrayal of women within the media. This point has been largely ignored by other theories of the media. They have also highlighted how stereotypes in the media shape the attitudes and behaviour of the audience. However, they tend to overemphasise the impact of patriarchy, and the fact that there are opportunities within the mass media to change the projected image of women. Feminists also don’t agree on the cause of female exploitation in the media, and therefore have come up with different solutions, none of which they completely agree on. Ownership and control is a key feature in the mass media. Ownership of the mass media has become increasingly concentrated recently, with Rupert Murdoch owns over a third of newspapers in the UK, and another 40% owned between The Mirror Group Newspapers and United Newspapers. This can be viewed as a problem, because the owners have control over what their newspapers print, and this then influences audiences. Concentration of ownership has also occurred in television, with Rupert Murdoch owning Sky TV. There has been debate over ownership and control of the media, mainly between the Marxist and Pluralist perspectives. Marxists state that the mass media is an agent of ideological control within society, used by the bourgeoisie to force its’ views and values on the proletariat. This view is backed up by Miliband in The State in Capitalist Society (1973). Miliband argues that the media is an agent of capitalist control, and rejects the Pluralist view that the audience has genuine choice. He also argues that the media is controlled by capitalists, and therefore this is the ideology which is portrayed in the media, which then persuades the public to accept gross inequality. This study is good at pointing out political bias within the mass media, and questioning the impartiality of some corporations such as the BBC, who should be impartial by law. It is also strong in analysing the relationship between ownership of the media and its’ content. However, it has been criticised for over emphasising the impact of the concentration of ownership. They ignore the fact that Murdoch has failed to purchase certain franchises, such as Channel 5, to avoid a monopoly ownership. The Marxist perspective also ignores the fact that audiences are able to make up their own minds, and aren’t always swayed by the media. On the other hand, James Curran in Mass Media and Democracy: A Reappraisal (1991) takes a Pluralist view and argues that the growth of the mass media reinstates the view that there is widespread choice, with a core public sector, combined with an expanding private sector. Therefore the impact of ownership and control is insignificant when the diverse choice which exists is taken into account. This study is strong in recognising that the mass media in the UK has undergone major changes recently, although it ignores the fact that it is mostly owned by either wealthy individuals or large institutional shareholders. Another key feature in the mass media is bias. Bias can come in a number of forms. Over-representation is where certain groups receive more media coverage than others. In the UK, this tends to be white, middle-class heterosexual males. Other groups within society are under-represented, such as females, homosexuals and ethnic minorities. Misrepresentation is where information is presented incorrectly, through misquoting a phrase, or misrepresenting one side of an argument in order to either show it in a more positive or negative light. This causes the audience to come to a false conclusion. Exaggeration means that the media makes an issue out to be more important than it really is. This may be used to scare the public into believing that something is more dangerous than it actually is. Finally, omission is where information is withheld, and key facts are not included. The Government can be involved in bias within the media, because it tries to influence media content through manipulation of the media in order to promote Government policy, and it also restrains investigative journalism which opposes Government policy. The BBC’s license fees are set by the Government, and if it broadcasts something which the Government is in opposition to, this can have a knock on effect on the BBC. In 1988, Thames Television aired a documentary on the killing of 3 IRA members in Gibraltar, Mass media free essay sample The mass-manipulative model argues that the content of the mass media is largely controlled and determined by members of ruling class, with the object of using the mass media to maintain their control over the proletariat. The do this either by diverting them from seeing the class relations of a capitalist society for what they are, or by portraying any groups who challenge bourgeois control as sinister, dangerous and misguided. For example, Silvio Berlusconi’s others holding include a major daily newspaper, a leading news magazine, a large publishing house and the country largest media buyer. And as prime minister, he has indirect control over RAI (Radiotelevisione Italiana) – enough to pull the strings necessary to put that broadcasters â€Å"fairness doctrine† into effect. According to Argia Big Namy, a Rome attorney specializing in intellectual property issues, said that flawed cases are eventually thrown out, but the process is very slow and expensive. However, while this is certainly unfortunate, it is also true that they do not need to participate directly because reporters will provide them with the information that they need to stay sufficiently informed about our society so that they can make appropriate choices about how to act and how to vote.

Client Retention by CRM Technology-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Client Retention and Brand Image Development by CRM Technology. Answer: Introduction This report depicts the importance of developing proper customer relationship management system in the business organizations to build secured relationship between the consumers and the organizations. With the technical excellence of CRM the business organizations will be able to obtain client retention (Dalir et al. 2017). From the business perspectives it can be said that, the performance of the company will be improved through CRM technology. Marketing is not just about the organizational development but also manages the matter of sales and supply however the continuous development and the effect of after sales services to the consumers with a long term relationship could also be added with the help of Customer Relationship Management system. The role of CRM in business organizations, its goal, benefits are also elaborated below. In addition to this, the factors of customer retention and the KPI of customer retention programs are also illustrated in this report. Background In order to develop relationship between the consumer and the service providers since last two to three decades the organizations have started using the concept of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) technology. Both short term and long term strategies are needed to be incorporated to increase their brand value for gaining more number of consumers and also to retain their existing consumers (Garrido-Moreno, Lockett and Garca-Morales 2014). According to the current market trends, the primary concerns of the companies are no longer to achieve market leadership and conquering market as well inspite of that the organizations should ensure that the contribution of the activities are helping to gain mutually profitable relation with proper consumers (Ascarza et al. 2016). The relationship between the buyers and sellers helps to reduce the rate of negative consequences from the functional and operational activities of the business organizations. Consumers are the focal point Marketing Marketing is referred to as a continuous as well as persistence process, implementation and follow up. Marketing plays the most active role for business planning in different ways. In case of market formulae for success, the customer value is the key integrant (Bukhari and Kazi 2016). The product quality and service served by any business organization should be consumer focused so that long term success could be gain eventually. In order to develop an acceptable definition to de-limit the business domain, the features of CRM are needed to be analyzed by the executives of the business organization. It also helps to maintain both the offline and online marketing. Apart from this marketing also helps to build relationship among customers, corporate management, suppliers and competitors. It also helps to gain competitive advantages from the marketplace (Jain and Patel 2016). Moreover, it can be said that CRM helps to define the factors those are useful to understand the different ways to satisfy both the new as well as existing consumers. Customer relationship management Goal of CRM After analyzing the operational and functional activities of different business organizations it has been found that, their goal is to obtain effective as well as measurable revenue and competitive advantages simultaneously. The leading objectives rather goal of CRM is to satisfy the consumers through their product and services (Trainor et al. 2014). It also helps to make their service much efficient to attract new consumers and also to retain the existing consumers. The extreme sales approach will also resolve the business gaps. From the value chain analysis model it is found that with CRM technology both the primary stages and supporting condition will move towards business profit and customer retention. Benefits of CRM The benefits for which most of the business organizations use CRM as a technology include the following: CRM helps the business organizations to grab new consumers and also in customer retention Through integrated campaign individual segmentation could be analyzed and also high service level delivery become possible with the help of CRM technology (King, Dhameeth and Kim 2017) The business efficiency could be grown efficiently, to increase greater business agility It can establish secured relationship between the consumers and the service providers It could safeguard the functionality and operation of any business organization (Dalir et al. 2017) CRM helps to prevent sensitive information from the external assault Customer retention Advantages of customer retention strategy With the help of Customer retention strategies both the stakeholders and the company owners would be able to gain the following list of benefits: It is cheap than acquisition It helps to bring more number of loyal consumers so that the business can obtain more profit The brand image would be stand out from the crown of business The engaged consumers will be able to provide more feedback to the consumers (Bukhari and Kazi 2016) Through CRM the consumers will be able to increase the brand loyalty of the organization Factors of customer retention The list of critical success factors those are helpful for the company to drive the consumer retention strategies. If the business organizations are willing to upgrade the consumer retention then certain strategic marketing factors are required to be considered by the company executives and the factors are as follows: Both the existing and newly grabbed consumers are needed to be analyzed in terms of the satisfaction level and product and service level expectation (Trainor et al. 2014) The consumers expectation should be managed well The consumers service is improved in terms of lifetime value Customer retention as a key to business retention Customer retention is referred to as a key to business retention as it helps to boost the profitability of the business. Different reasons are there for which customer retention is considered for measurable business success. Customer is a key for the business success due to the following reasons: It helps to save money and time as well during the business operation and functionalities Profits could be achieved in a repetitive manner The process of advertising become easier from the business perspectives Te retained consumers are able to serve valuable feedback to the consumers Figure 1: Customer retention factors (Source: Dalir et al. 2017, pp-20) Key performance indicators of customer retention programs Key performance indicators are used in the business organizations to serve both internal as well as external clients actionable metrics with easily accessible, customized and effective efficiency to the business operations (Bukhari and Kazi 2016). It helps to measure business goals, vital information, and continuous business success factors. The list of KPI those are necessary for customer retention programs are as follows: Financial metrics (Profit, cost, cost of goods those have been sold) Customer metrics (lifetime value, satisfaction and retention) Process metrics People metrics Customer metrics Conclusion From the overall discussion it can be concluded that with the help f the CRM technology any business organization would be able to build secured relationship between the consumers and the service providers. In the current business world the concept of CRM and its impact in consumers loyalty is constantly obtaining huge attention. One of such strategies is focusing on consumer loyalty which is viewed in terms of automakers. In order to gain consumer retention brand loyalty is the most important thing that should be focused on. In order to identify and satisfy the consumers all the significant critical success factors are needed to be analyzed by the project executives so that it could retain their existing consumers and other consumers as well. The profits for which consumers are using CRM technology in the business organization are elaborated. In addition to this, the key performance indicators of consumers retention programs are also elaborated in this report. References Appel, G., Haenlein, M., Libai, B. and Muller, E., 2017.Customer Retention in a Product Platform World(Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland). Ascarza, E., Neslin, S.A., Netzer, O., Anderson, Z., Fader, P.S., Gupta, S., Hardie, B.G., Lemmens, A., Libai, B., Neal, D. and Provost, F., 2016. In Pursuit of Enhanced Customer Retention Management: Review, Key Issues, and Future Directions.Customer Needs and Solutions, pp.1-17. Bukhari, A.N. and Kazi, R., 2016. CRM triggers effectiveness through Customer Selection Orientation, Business Cycle Orientation, Cross-Functional Integration and Dual Value Creation: Myth or Reality.Journal of Marketing Management,4(1), pp.163-171. Dalir, M., Zarch, M.E., Aghajanzadeh, R. and Eshghi, S., 2017. The Role of e-CRM in the Quality of Customer-Bank Relationship.Human Resource Management,4(2), pp.12-22. Garrido-Moreno, A., Lockett, N. and Garca-Morales, V., 2014. Paving the way for CRM success: The mediating role of knowledge management and organizational commitment.Information Management,51(8), pp.1031-1042. Gonzalez-Benito, O., Venturini, W.T. and Gonzalez-Benito, J., 2017. CRM technology: implementation project and consulting services as determinants of success.International Journal of Information Technology Decision Making,16(02), pp.421-441. Jain, Y. and Patel, N., 2016. Analysing impact of online CRM practices on companies productivity and customer retention.International Journal for Research in Business, Management and Accounting,2(12), pp.25-35. King, D.M., Dhameeth, G.S. and Kim, J.S., 2017. Modeling Moderating Effects of Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) and Referral Value (CRV) on Customer Service of Frontline Employees for Customer and Organizational Satisfaction: A Comparative Analysis. Peltonen, H., 2015. CRM system implementation supporting the management of customer relationships. Shafique, M.N., Ahmad, N., Abbas, H. and Hussain, A., 2015. The impact of customer relationship management capabilities on organizational performance; moderating role of competition intensity.Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapters),3(3), pp.28-47. Syed, T. and Jain, R., 2017. A STUDY ON DETERMINANTS OF CUSTOMER RETENTION IN BANKING SECTOR.International Education and Research Journal,3(6). Trainor, K.J., Andzulis, J.M., Rapp, A. and Agnihotri, R., 2014. Social media technology usage and customer relationship performance: A capabilities-based examination of social CRM.Journal of Business Research,67(6), pp.1201-1208